Commissions
Earn lucrative staking commissions for your network contributions
Validators charge a commission/fee on block rewards earned by the staked SWTH that are delegated to them, in exchange for their services in securing the blockchain and processing transactions.
Validator Commission depends on
Validator Uptime; This is defined by a validator's consistency in participating in the consensus process by voting on blocks that are eventually added to the blockchain. A validator with high uptime is more likely to attract delegators and earn a higher commission.
Amount of staked SWTH delegated to a validator; This is defined as the percentage of total tokens staked with a validator. Validators with a higher percentage of tokens staked with them are likely to earn a higher commission.
Commission Rate; Validators set their own commission rates, which can vary depending on the competition among validators on the network.
Staking Rewards; Validators earn commission from a portion of the staking rewards for participating in the consensus process.
Block Distribution Rewards; Block Rewards comprise of SWTH Emissions and Fee Rewards (Network Fees, Trading Commissions and CDP Fees).
Calculation
To calculate validator commission on Carbon, refer to the following steps:
Determine the total rewards earned by the validator in a given time period. This can be calculated by multiplying the total amount of tokens staked on the network by the staking reward rate.
Decide on the percentage of the rewards that the validator wishes to charge as a commission.
Multiply the total rewards earned by the percentage commission to determine the amount of commission earned by the validator.
Validator Commission per month = % of Total Stake * Daily Block Distribution Rewards * % of Staking Rewards from Block Rewards * Commission Rate * 30 days/month
The percentage of block rewards allocated to staking rewards can be adjusted via protocol governance. Currently, 65% of block rewards accrue to stakers.
Rewards are distributed proportionately to the amount of SWTH staked, while unstaked tokens do not attract any rewards at all.
Learn more about Staking Rewards here.
Validator Uptime
Validator uptime is a measure of the amount of time a validator node is online and actively participating in the consensus process on a blockchain network. Validators play a crucial role in securing the blockchain by verifying and validating transactions and adding them to the blockchain. Validator uptime is important because a validator that is offline or not participating in the consensus process cannot fulfil its role and may jeopardize the security of the network.
Validators are incentivized to maintain high uptime by earning commission rewards for their participation in the consensus process. However, if a validator's uptime falls below a certain threshold, they may be penalized with reduced rewards or even slashed (have their stake reduced) in order to maintain network security. Validators therefore have an incentive to ensure that their nodes are always online and participating in the consensus process to maximize their rewards and maintain the security of the Carbon network.
Distribution
Block rewards are calculated per epoch and distributed across the active delegated stake and validator set (as per validator commission).
Real Yield
Block rewards comprise of SWTH Emissions and Fee Rewards (Network Fees, Trading Commissions and CDP Fees).
In the early days of the network, it is likely that SWTH Emissions, deployed based on the predefined issuance schedule, will drive the majority of staking and validator incentives to participate in the network.
As the network progresses, with more $SWTH being in circulation, inflationary pressure for $SWTH holders will be greatly reduced. With most of the downward selling pressure gone, more of the staking rewards and validator commission will be from Fee Rewards generated by activities on the Carbon blockchain, i.e. real yield.
Mechanism
Rewards are tallied at the end of each epoch by weighing the collective votes from all validators against the proportion of stake that has been delegated to them.
Not all validatorās votes are weighted equally.
Validatorās consensus votes are stake-weighted, meaning the more stake an individual validator has, the more influence that one validator has in determining the outcome of the consensus voting. Similarly, validators with less stake have less weight in determining the vote outcome, and validators with no stake cannot influence the outcome of a consensus vote.
Each time block rewards are issued, the commission is deposited in the validatorās account and the remaining rewards are deposited in all of the stake accounts that are delegated to that validator, proportionally to the amount of actively delegated stake in each account.
Validator commission and staking rewards are always issued simultaneously.
Slashing
SWTH delegated to a validator can be partially slashed if the validator misbehaves. Slashing means the delegated SWTH are forfeited (burned) without the possibility of recovery.
On the Carbon blockchain, the following attributable fault can lead to slashing events for the delegated SWTH:
Block Slash
Slashing by 0.1% can occur if the validator is offline for too long. Uptime is achieved when the validator signs at least 3,600 out of the last 36,.000 blocks. If a validator does not sign minimum 3,600 (>10%) blocks out of the last 36,000 blocks, a downtime slash occurs.
Slashing by 5% can occur if the validator signs two different blocks at the same height (double-signing). This fault is harder to anticipate, resulting from bad operation practices or outright malicious intent from the validator operator.
Oracle Slash
During the initial instances of oracle slash count, the penalty is insignificant to allow ample time for oracle service fixing:
Your penalty increases as you accumulate more slash count;
As the slash count accumulates, the penalty increases until it reaches a cap equivalent to a one-day worth of slash count.
Equation
Parameters
Initial Oracle Slash Count = 0
Oracle Slash Count Increment = 0.000000491
Max Continuous Slash Count = 24
With the above parameters,
Max Slash Count Factor
= 0 + 0.000000491*24
= 0.000011784 per hour
= 0.000011784*24 per day
= 0.000282816 per day
The maximum penalty for oracle slashing is approximately equivalent to the rewards you receive as a validator. This means that if your oracle service is down or not functioning as intended but you are still receiving validator rewards, the nett slashing impact should be minimal or negligible.
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